Introduction and objective:
Obesity is a chronic disease with a complex etiology, and its increasing prevalence constitutes a significant challenge for contemporary healthcare systems. Due to the multifactorial nature of the disease, involving interactions between biological, environmental, and behavioural factors, effective management requires a comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approach. The aim of this study is to present current recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of obesity, with particular emphasis on the role of lifestyle and the patient’s living environment in the context of contemporary therapeutic strategies.

Brief description of the state of knowledge:
Current evidence indicates that the development of obesity results from the interaction of genetic predisposition, neuroendocrine regulation, and environmental and behavioural factors. The contemporary living environment, characterized by high availability of highly processed foods, reduced physical activity, and the predominance of sedentary lifestyle, promotes a positive energy balance. Increasing attention is also being paid to environmental and chemical risk factors, such as endocrine disruptors, air pollution, and characteristics of the school environment, which may modify metabolic processes and increase susceptibility to the development of obesity, particularly during childhood and adolescence.

Summary:
Effective obesity management requires a long-term, individualized approach that incorporates both clinical interventions and preventive measures aimed at the modification of the living environment. Integrating the perspective of environmental medicine with current therapeutic strategies constitutes an important element in reducing the prevalence of obesity and its associated complications.