Introduction and objective:
Microplastics (MPLs) are described as synthetic polymer particles with dimensions below 5 mm. Within this group, particles measuring less than 1 µm are referred to as nanoplastics (NPLs). These particles are extensively distributed in the environment and have been identified in human food sources as well as in both groundwater and tap water. The aim of this review is to analyze the effect of micro- and nanoplastics on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Furthermore, possible approaches to reducing the physiological effects of these particles are explored.

Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge:
Analysis suggests that the accumulation of nano- and microplastics may contribute to the progression of conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Observed effects, such as neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and blood-brain barrier disruption, suggest that neurotoxicity arises from multiple interacting pathways. Various bioactive substances have shown potential in reducing the neurotoxic impact of exposure to MNPs/NPLs. Melatonin, Fibroblast Growth Factor 1, and Camellia pollen have demonstrated promising effects in alleviating neurotoxicity. Furthermore, probiotics may play a role by restoring the natural balance of gut microbiota.

Summary:
The reviewed studies suggest that microplastics and nanoplastics may have a significant impact on neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Further investigations into pharmacological treatments and therapeutic approaches to counteract the toxic effects of these pollutants on the human body are essential. In the long term, such research will improve patients› quality of life and support the development of preventive strategies.