Introduction and objective:
Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoans which are responsible for one of the most common waterborne disease, cryptosporidiosis. This disease is dangerous for children, immunocompromised individuals, and the residents of regions with limited access to sanitation infrastructure. Current climate change and urbanization significantly affect the transmission of these pathogens, increasing the risk of infection and causing challenges for public health. Our study analyzes the impact of urbanization and current climate changes on cryptosporidium epidemiology, with special focus on health consequences and current wastewater treatment methods.

Brief description of the state of knowledge:
Heavy rainfall, rising temperatures and extreme weather events, such as floods, promote the survival of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, which may spread in the surface waters. The risk of transmission is significantly exacerbated in areas with a high population density and inadequate sanitation infrastructure, leading to heightened exposure and vulnerability. Oocysts, which are highly resistant to traditional disinfection methods, such as chlorination, are able to complicate prevention efforts. Current wastewater treatment methods are physical methods – filtration and sedimentation, biological processes – activated sludge and biofiltration, and chemical methods – disinfection of contaminated water.

Summary:
Climate change and urbanization significantly increase the risk of Cryptosporidium spp. infections. Developing more effective wastewater treatment, new therapies and vaccines remain priorities, especially for protecting high-risk groups, such as young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.