LETTER TO EDITORS
The impact of particulate matter (PM) and nitric oxides (NOx) on human health
and an analysis of selected sources accounting for their emission in Poland
| 1 | Department of Hygiene, Wrocław Medical University – Poland
Head of the Faculty and Department Hygiene - prof. K. Pawlas, PhD |
| 2 | Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Technology – Poland Head of the Department of Off-Road Machines and Vehicles Engineering - prof. P. Dudziński, Eng., PhD |
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Jakub Krzeszowiak
Department of Hygiene Wrocław Medical University ul. Mikulicza Radeckiego 7 50-435 Wrocław
Department of Hygiene Wrocław Medical University ul. Mikulicza Radeckiego 7 50-435 Wrocław
Med Srod. 2016;19(3):3–15
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Introduction and objective:
This paper is concerned with the harmful impact of nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) on humans. The objective was to determine which source of emission is the most urgent in terms of its reduction.Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: In published epidemiological studies multiple notifications indicating the harmful impact of particulate matter on human health can be found. The harmful impact is underscored by the increase in the number of hospitalisations owing to diseases of respiratory and cardio-vascular systems, as well as by the rise in general fatality rate. The analysis of the PM impact on the human body is prompted by the fact that its detrimental effects are not clearly defined. Additionally, nitric oxides contribute to the increased number of exacerbations of respiratory disease and are a factor increasing susceptibility to development of local inflammation.
Conclusions:
The following study is meant to showthat the air pollution which derives from vehicles (NOxand PM) has a significant impact on human health. Thisapplies particularly to residents of cities and big towns.This issue has gained special importance in Poland. Accordingto the data from the Central Statistical Office,the increasing number of vehicles in use and their agelead to increased emission of the pollutants considered_
This paper is concerned with the harmful impact of nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) on humans. The objective was to determine which source of emission is the most urgent in terms of its reduction.Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: In published epidemiological studies multiple notifications indicating the harmful impact of particulate matter on human health can be found. The harmful impact is underscored by the increase in the number of hospitalisations owing to diseases of respiratory and cardio-vascular systems, as well as by the rise in general fatality rate. The analysis of the PM impact on the human body is prompted by the fact that its detrimental effects are not clearly defined. Additionally, nitric oxides contribute to the increased number of exacerbations of respiratory disease and are a factor increasing susceptibility to development of local inflammation.
Conclusions:
The following study is meant to showthat the air pollution which derives from vehicles (NOxand PM) has a significant impact on human health. Thisapplies particularly to residents of cities and big towns.This issue has gained special importance in Poland. Accordingto the data from the Central Statistical Office,the increasing number of vehicles in use and their agelead to increased emission of the pollutants considered_
REFERENCES (31)
2.
Krajowy bilans emisji SO2, NOx, CO, NH3, NMLZO, pyłów, metali ciężkich i TZO za lata 2010-2011 w układzie klasyfikacji SNAP. Raport Syntetyczny. Krajowy Ośrodek Bilansowania i Zarządzania Emisjami 2013.
4.
Seńczuk W. Niemetale i ich połączenia nieorganiczne. In: Seńczuk W. Toksykologia. Wydanie IV. Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL. Warszawa 2002 (in Polish).
5.
Arden Pope III C. Respiratory Hospital Admissions Associated with PM10Pollution in Utah, Salt Lake, and Cache Valleys. Arch. Environ. Health Journal. 1991;46:90-97.
6.
Florek E. Skład chemiczny i kancerogeny dymu tytoniowego. Alkoholizm i Narkomania, 1999;36(3):333-345.
7.
Anderson JA, Thundiyil JG, Andrew Stolbach A. Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health. J. Med. Toxicol. 2012;8:166- 175.
8.
Li N, Xia T, Nel AE: The Role of Oxidative Stress in Ambient Particulate Matter induced Lung Diseases and Its Implications in the Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;44(9):1689-1699.
9.
Brook RD.: Cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Clinical Science. 2008;115:175-187.
10.
Bartosz G. Druga twarz tlenu. Wolne rodniki w przyrodzie. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2008 (in Polish).
11.
Becker S, Dailey LA, Soukup JM et al.: Seasonal variations in air pollution particle-induced inflammatory mediator release and oxidative stress. Environ Health Perspect. 2005; 113:1032-1038.
12.
Sagai M, Furuyama A, Ichinose T. Biological effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP). III. Pathogenesis of asthma like symptoms in mice. Free Rad Biol Med. 1996;21(2):199-209.
13.
Manzo ND, LaGier AJ, Slade R et al. Nitric oxide and superoxide mediate diesel particle effects in cytokine-treated mice and murine lung epithelial cells – implications for susceptibility to traffic-related air pollution. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2012;9(43):1-15.
14.
Kreyling WG, Semmler-Behnke M, Moller W.: Ultrafine particle- lung interactions: does size matter? J Aerosol Med 2006; 19:74-83.
15.
Nel A, Xia T, Madler L et al. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 2006;311:622-627.
16.
Ziętkowski Z, Ziętkowska E, Bodzenta-Łukaszyk A. Kliniczne znaczenie pomiarów stężenia tlenku azotu w powietrzu wydychanym w chorobach układu oddechowego. Alergia Astma Immunologia 2009;14(4):215-222 (in Polish).
17.
Kowalczyk E, Kopff A, Kopff M et al.: Metabolizm tlenku azotu.Wiad Lek 2006;59(11-12):889-893.
18.
Grisham MB, Jourd’Heuil D, Wink DA. Physiological chemistry of nitric oxide and its metabolites: implications in inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 1999; 276:315-321.
19.
Peter J. Barnes.: Nitric Oxide and Airway Disease. Ann Med Peter J. Barnes.: Nitric Oxide and Airway Disease. Ann Med. 1995;27(3):389-393.
20.
Perrone LA, Belser JA, Wadford DA et al. Inducible nitric oxide contributes to viral pathogenesis following highly pathogenic influenza virus infection in mice. J Infect Dis 2013;.207(10):1576-84.
21.
Fusco D, Forastiere F, Michelozzi P et al. Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory conditions in Rome, Italy. Eur Respir J 2001;17:1143-1150.
22.
Michel T, Feron O.: Nitric Oxide Synthases: Which, Where, How, and Why? In: Perspective Series: Nitric Oxide and Nitric Oxide Synthases. J Clin Invest 1997;100(10):2146- 2152.
23.
Krajowy bilans emisji SO2, NOx, CO, NH3, nmlzo, pyłów, metali ciężkich i tzo za lata 2011 - 2012 w układzie klasyfikacji snap, Raport syntetyczny, March 2014.
25.
Geiss O, Barrero-Moreno J, Tirendi S et al. Exposure to ParticulateMatter in Vehicle Cabins of Private Cars, Aerosoll and Air Quality Research, Volume 10, No. 6, December 2010, p. 581-588.
26.
Risk assessment of selected pollutants, in: Air Quality Guidelines. Global update 2005. WHO Europe 2005.
27.
Transport drogowy w Polsce w latach 2005-2009, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa 2011.
28.
Transport drogowy w Polsce w latach 2010-2011, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa 2013.
29.
Pasy bezpieczeństwa, Badanie zrealizowane przez PBS DGA na zlecenie Krajowej Rady Bezpieczeństwa Ruchu Drogowego, Maj 2011.
30.
Rhys-Tyler GA, Legassick W, Bell MC. The significance of vehicle emissions standards for levels of exhaust pollution from light vehicles in an urban area, Atmospheric Environment. 2011;45:3286-3293.
31.
Piock W, Hoffmann G, Berndorfer AP et al. Strategies Towards Meeting Future Particulate Matter Emission Requirements, in Homogeneous Gasoline Direct Injection Engines, SAE International, 2011.
RELATED ARTICLE
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.