PL EN
PRACA POGLĄDOWA
Dieta a ryzyko rozwoju raka jelita grubego
,
 
 
 
Więcej
Ukryj
1
Wydział Nauk Medycznych w Katowicach, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Katowice, Polska
 
2
Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne im. prof. K. Gibińskiego Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach, Polska
 
 
Autor do korespondencji
Jakub Rybak   

Wydział Nauk Medycznych w Katowicach, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny
 
 
Med Srod. 2023;26(3-4):93-98
 
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
Wprowadzenie i cel:
Rak jelita grubego jest jednym z najczęściej występujących nowotworów na świecie. Na przestrzeni lat przeprowadzono wiele badań mających na celu zrozumienie czynników ryzyka raka jelita grubego oraz wypracowanie efektywnych metod profilaktyki, co przełożyło się na zmniejszenie śmiertelności związanej z tym nowotworem. Uważa się, że niektóre składniki diety mogą mieć istotny wpływ na ryzyko wystąpienia tej choroby. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przeprowadzenie przeglądu literatury dotyczącej wpływu składników diety na ryzyko wystąpienia raka jelita grubego.

Opis stanu wiedzy:
Udowodniono, że spożywanie produktów mlecznych, błonnika oraz produktów pełnoziarnistych może zmniejszyć ryzyko wystąpienia raka jelita grubego. Wykazano również, że do wystąpienia tej choroby może przyczyniać się konsumpcja alkoholu oraz czerwonego mięsa. Według niektórych badań warzywa i owoce mogą mieć działanie protekcyjne w zakresie rozwoju raka jelita grubego. Nie ma na to jednak wystarczających dowodów. W badaniach na modelach zwierzęcych powiązano wysoką zawartość tłuszczu w diecie ze zwiększonym występowaniem raka jelita grubego. Liczne badania z udziałem ludzi nie potwierdziły tego związku.

Podsumowanie:
Rak jelita grubego stanowi poważny problem dla współczesnego społeczeństwa. Istnieją dowody, że składniki diety mogą zarówno przyczyniać się do wystąpienia tej choroby, jak i działać protekcyjnie. Aby rozstrzygnąć tę kwestię, przeprowadzono liczne badania, jednak ich wyniki często nie są spójne, w związku z czym wpływ składników diety na ryzyko wystąpienia raka jelita grubego nadal budzi wiele kontrowersji.


Introduction and objective:
Colorectal cancer remains one of the most common malignant tumours worldwide. However, the mortality rate related to colorectal cancer has decreased over the years due to enormous progress made in understanding risk factors and prevention strategies. Research findings indicate that certain dietary components may have a significant impact on the risk of developing this disease. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature concerning the association between dietary ingredients and the occurrence of colorectal cancer.

Brief description of the state of knowledge:
It has been proven that dairy products, fibre and whole grain products can reduce the risk of colon cancer. Researchers have also shown that the consumption of alcohol and red meat may contribute to the occurrence of this disease. Some studies indicate that vegetables and fruits may have a protective effect on the development of colorectal cancer. However, currently there is insufficient evidence to confirm their connection to the development of this cancer. Studies on animal models suggest that a high-fat diet increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Nevertheless, numerous studies on humans have not confirmed a link between dietary fat content and the risk of colorectal cancer.

Summary:
Colon cancer remains a major problem for contemporary society. There is evidence that dietary ingredients may both prevent and contribute to the development of the disease. Despite numerous studies focusing on this subject, due to the inconsistent results, there still remain many controversies regarding the impact of dietary ingredients on the risk of colorectal cancer.

 
REFERENCJE (61)
1.
Colorectal cancer statistics. World Cancer Research Fund International [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 November 2]. Available at: https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-tr....
 
2.
Thanikachalam K, Khan G. Colorectal Cancer and Nutrition. Nutrients. 019 Jan 14;11(1):164. doi:10.3390/nu11010164. PMID: 30646512; PM-CID: PMC6357054.
 
3.
Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996 Oct;96(10):1027–39. doi:10.1016/S0002–8223(96)00273-8. PMID: 8841165.
 
4.
van Duijnhoven FJ, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Ferrari P, Jenab M, Boshuizen HC, Ros MM, Casagrande C, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, Thorlacius-Ussing O, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Morois S, Kaaks R, Linseisen J, Boeing H, Nöthlings U, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Misirli G, Palli D, Sieri S, Panico S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Peeters PH, van Gils CH, Ocké MC, Lund E, Engeset D, Skeie G, Suárez LR, González CA, Sánchez MJ, Dorronsoro M, Navarro C, Barricarte A, Berglund G, Manjer J, Hallmans G, Palmqvist R, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Key TJ, Allen NE, Boffetta P, Slimani N, Rinaldi S, Gallo V, Norat T, Riboli E. Fruit, vegetables, and colorectal cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1441–52. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27120. Epub 2009 Apr 1. PMID: 19339391.
 
5.
Wu ZY, Chen JL, Li H, Su K, Han YW. Different types of fruit intake and colorectal cancer risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies. World J Gastroenterol. 2023 May 7;29(17):2679–2700. doi:10.3748/wjg.v29.i17.2679. PMID: 37213399; PMCID: PMC10198059.
 
6.
Aune D, Lau R, Chan DS, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E, Norat T. Nonlinear reduction in risk for colorectal cancer by fruit and vegetableintake based on meta-analysis of prospective studies. Gastroenterol. 2011 Jul;141(1):106–18. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.013. Epub 2011 Apr 16. PMID: 21600207.
 
7.
Song M, Garrett WS, Chan AT. Nutrients, foods, and colorectal cancer prevention. Gastroenterol. 2015 May;148(6):1244–60.e16. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.035. Epub 2015 Jan 6. PMID: 25575572; PMCID: PMC4409470.
 
8.
Koushik A, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Calle EE, Cho E, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Goldbohm RA, Harnack L, Jacobs DR Jr, Kato I, Krogh V, Larsson SC, Leitzmann MF, Marshall JR, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Pietinen P, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Sieri S, Virtanen MJ, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA. Fruits, vegetables, and colon cancer risk in a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Oct 3;99(19):1471–83. doi:10.1093/jnci/djm155. Epub 2007 Sep 25. PMID: 17895473.
 
9.
Vieira AR, Abar L, Chan DSM, Vingeliene S, Polemiti E, Stevens C, Greenwood D, Norat T. Foods and beverages and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies, an update of the evidence of the WCRF-AICR Continuous Update Project. Ann Oncol. 2017 Aug 1;28(8):1788–1802. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx171. PMID: 28407090.
 
10.
Reddy BS. Dietary fat and colon cancer: animal model studies. Lipids. 1992 Oct;27(10):807–13. doi:10.1007/BF02535855. PMID: 1435100.
 
11.
Tang FY, Pai MH, Chiang EP. Consumption of high-fat diet induces tumor progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer in a mouse xenograft model. J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Oct;23(10):1302–13. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.07.011. Epub 2012 Jan 4. PMID: 22221675.
 
12.
Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Lee IM, Buring JE. Dietary fat and fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Nov 15;160(10):1011–22. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh319. PMID: 15522858.
 
13.
Flood A, Velie EM, Sinha R, Chaterjee N, Lacey JV Jr, Schairer C, Schatzkin A. Meat, fat, and their subtypes as risk factors for colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Jul 1;158(1):59–68. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg099. PMID: 12835287.
 
14.
Kim M, Park K. Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Nutrients. 2018 Dec 12;10(12):1963. doi:10.3390/nu10121963. PMID: 30545042; PMCID: PMC6315498.
 
15.
Liu L, Zhuang W, Wang RQ, Mukherjee R, Xiao SM, Chen Z, Wu XT, Zhou Y, Zhang HY. Is dietary fat associated with the risk of colorectal cancer? A meta-analysis of 13 prospective cohort studies. Eur J Nutr. 2011 Apr;50(3):173–84. doi:10.1007/s00394-010-0128-5. Epub 2010 Aug 10. PMID: 20697723.
 
16.
Beresford SA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, Lasser NL, Snetselaar LG, Black HR, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Bowen D, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Gass M, Harrigan RC, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lewis CE, Manson JE, Margolis KL, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Ockene JK, Parker LM, Perri MG, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Vitolins MZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace RB, Whitlock E. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006 Feb 8;295(6):643–54. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.643. PMID: 16467233.
 
17.
Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, Rota M, Scotti L, Islami F, Negri E, Straif K, Romieu I, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P, Jenab M. Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies. Ann Oncol. 2011 Sep;22(9):1958–1972. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq653. Epub 2011 Feb 9. PMID: 21307158.
 
18.
Reidy J, McHugh E, Stassen LF. A review of the relationship between alcohol and oral cancer. Surgeon. 2011 Oct;9(5):278–83. doi:10.1016/j.surge.2011.01.010. Epub 2011 Feb 22. PMID: 21843823.
 
19.
Tárraga López PJ, Albero JS, Rodríguez-Montes JA. Is it possible to reduce the incident of colorectal cancer by modifying diet and lifestyle? Curr Cancer Ther Rev 2013;9(3).
 
20.
Durko L, Malecka-Panas E. Lifestyle Modifications and Colorectal Cancer. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep. 2014;10(1):45–54. doi:10.1007/s11888-013-0203-4. PMID: 24659930; PMCID: PMC3950624.
 
21.
Winkels RM, van Duijnhoven FJB, Heine-Broring RC, Kampman E. Diet and colorectal cancer risk and survival. Colorectal Can. 2013;2(1):43–50. https://doi.org/10.2217/crc.12....
 
22.
Tárraga López PJ, Albero JS, Rodríguez-Montes JA. Primary and secondary prevention of colorectal cancer. Clin Med Insights Gastroenterol. 2014 Jul 14;7:33–46. doi:10.4137/CGast.S14039. PMID: 25093007; PMCID: PMC4116379.
 
23.
Vargas AJ, Thompson PA. Diet and nutrient factors in colorectal cancer risk. Nutr Clin Pract. 2012 Oct;27(5):613–23. doi:10.1177/0884533612454885. Epub 2012 Aug 14. PMID: 22892274.
 
24.
McNabb S, Harrison TA, Albanes D, Berndt SI, Brenner H, Caan BJ, Campbell PT, Cao Y, Chang-Claude J, Chan A, Chen Z, English DR, Giles GG, Giovannucci EL, Goodman PJ, Hayes RB, Hoffmeister M, Jacobs EJ, Joshi AD, Larsson SC, Le Marchand L, Li L, Lin Y, Männistö S, Milne RL, Nan H, Newton CC, Ogino S, Parfrey PS, Petersen PS, Potter JD, Schoen RE, Slattery ML, Su YR, Tangen CM, Tucker TC, Weinstein SJ, White E, Wolk A, Woods MO, Phipps AI, Peters U. Meta-analysis of 16 studies of the association of alcohol with colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2020 Feb 1;146(3):861–873. doi:10.1002/ijc.32377. Epub 2019 Jun 7. PMID: 31037736; PMCID: PMC6819207.
 
25.
WCRF/AICR: Colorectal Cancer Report. Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of colorectal cancer. [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2023 November 2]. Available at: https://www.wkof.nl/sites/defa....
 
26.
Cross AJ, Pollock JR, Bingham SA. Red meat and colorectal cancer risk: the effect of dietary iron and haem on endogenous N-nitrosation. IARC Sci Publ. 2002;156:205–6. PMID: 12484166.
 
27.
Santarelli RL, Pierre F, Corpet DE. Processed meat and colorectal cancer: a review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(2):131–44. doi:10.1080/01635580701684872. PMID: 18444144; PMCID: PMC2661797.
 
28.
Roberton AM. Roles of endogenous substances and bacteria in colorectal cancer. Mutat Res. 1993 Nov;290(1):71–8. doi:10.1016/0027-5107(93)90034-d. PMID: 7694101.
 
29.
Lupton JR. Microbial degradation products influence colon cancer risk: the butyrate controversy. J Nutr. 2004 Feb;134(2):479–82. doi:10.1093/jn/134.2.479. PMID: 14747692.
 
30.
Pearson JR, Gill CI, Rowland IR. Diet, fecal water, and colon cancer-development of a biomarker. Nutr Rev. 2009 Sep;67(9):509–26. doi:10.1111/j.1753–4887.2009.00224.x. PMID: 19703259.
 
31.
Lilla C, Verla-Tebit E, Risch A, Jäger B, Hoffmeister M, Brenner H, Chang-Claude J. Effect of NAT1 and NAT2 genetic polymorphisms on colorectal cancer risk associated with exposure to tobacco smoke and meat consumption. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Jan;15(1):99–107. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0618. PMID: 16434594.
 
32.
Voutsinas J, Wilkens LR, Franke A, Vogt TM, Yokochi LA, Decker R, Le Marchand L. Heterocyclic amine intake, smoking, cytochrome P450 1A2 and N-acetylation phenotypes, and risk of colorectal adenoma in a multiethnic population. Gut. 2013 Mar;62(3):416–22. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300665. Epub 2012 May 24. PMID:22628494; PMCID: PMC4491437.
 
33.
Nöthlings U, Yamamoto JF, Wilkens LR, Murphy SP, Park SY, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Le Marchand L. Meat and heterocyclic amine intake, smoking, NAT1 and NAT2 polymorphisms, and colorectal cancer risk in the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Jul;18(7):2098–106. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-1218. Epub 2009 Jun 23. PMID: 19549810; PMCID: PMC2771770.
 
34.
Ananthakrishnan AN, Du M, Berndt SI, Brenner H, Caan BJ, Casey G, Chang-Claude J, Duggan D, Fuchs CS, Gallinger S, Giovannucci EL, Harrison TA, Hayes RB, Hoffmeister M, Hopper JL, Hou L, Hsu L, Jenkins MA, Kraft P, Ma J, Nan H, Newcomb PA, Ogino S, Potter JD, Seminara D, Slattery ML, Thornquist M, White E, Wu K, Peters U, Chan AT. Red meat intake, NAT2, and risk of colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 11 studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015 Jan;24(1):198–205. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0897. Epub 2014 Oct 23. PMID: 25342387; PMCID: PMC4294960.
 
35.
Smolińska K, Paluszkiewicz P. Risk of colorectal cancer in relation to frequency and total amount of red meat consumption. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci. 2010 Aug 30;6(4):605–10. doi:10.5114/aoms.2010.14475. Epub 2010 Sep 7. PMID: 22371807; PMCID: PMC3284078.
 
36.
Norat T, Chan D, Lau R, Aune D, Vieira R. The associations between food, nutrition and physical activity and the risk of colorectal cancer. WCRF/AICR systematic literature review continuous update project report. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research; 2010.
 
37.
Ferguson LR. Meat and cancer. Meat Sci. 2010 Feb;84(2):308–13. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.06.032. Epub 2009 Jun 23. PMID: 20374790.
 
38.
Chan DS, Lau R, Aune D, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E, Norat T. Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20456.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020456. Epub 2011 Jun 6. PMID: 21674008; PMCID: PMC3108955.
 
39.
Kossenas K, Constantinou C. Epidemiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Clinical Trials: an Update on Research on the Association Between Red Meat Consumption and Colorectal Cancer. Curr Nutr Rep. 2021 Dec;10(4):435–467. doi:10.1007/s13668-021-00377-x. Epub 2021 Oct 19. PMID: 34665439.
 
40.
Burkitt DP. Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer. 1971 Jul;28(1):3–13. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197107)28:1<3::aid-cncr2820280104>3.0.co;2-n. PMID: 5165022.
 
41.
Lupton JR. Microbial degradation products influence colon cancer risk: the butyrate controversy. J Nutr. 2004 Feb;134(2):479–82. doi:10.1093/jn/134.2.479.
 
42.
Bingham SA. Mechanisms and experimental and epidemiological evidence relating dietary fibre (non-starch polysaccharides) and starch to protection against large bowel cancer. Proc Nutr Soc. 1990 Jul;49(2):153–71. doi:10.1079/pns19900021. PMID: 2172992.
 
43.
Ocvirk S, Wilson AS, Appolonia CN, Thomas TK, O’Keefe SJD. Fiber, Fat, and Colorectal Cancer: New Insight into Modifiable Dietary Risk Factors. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2019 Dec 2;21(11):62. doi:10.1007/s11894-019-0725-2. PMID: 31792624.
 
44.
Volkers N. Beans and bran – fiber data come under fire. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Mar 17;91(6):496–7. doi:10.1093/jnci/91.6.496. PMID: 10088615.
 
45.
Bingham SA, Norat T, Moskal A, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kesse E, Nieters A, Boeing H, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Martinez C, Dorronsoro M, González CA, Ardanaz E, Navarro C, Quirós JR, Key TJ, Day NE, Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Krogh V, Tumino R, Palli D, Panico S, Vineis P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ocké MC, Peeters PH, Berglund G, Hallmans G, Lund E, Skeie G, Kaaks R, Riboli E. Is the association with fiber from foods in colorectal cancer confounded by folate intake? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Jun;14(6):1552–6. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0891. PMID: 15941971.
 
46.
Schatzkin A, Mouw T, Park Y, Subar AF, Kipnis V, Hollenbeck A, Leitzmann MF, Thompson FE. Dietary fiber and whole-grain consumption in relation to colorectal cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 May;85(5):1353–60. doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1353. PMID: 17490973.
 
47.
World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR). Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: AICR; 2007.
 
48.
Aune D, Chan DS, Lau R, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E, Norat T. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. 2011 Nov 10;343:d6617. doi:10.1136/bmj.d6617. PMID: 22074852; PMCID: PMC3213242.
 
49.
Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, Winter N, Mete E, Te Morenga L. Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Lancet. 2019 Feb 2;393(10170):434–445. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809–9. Epub 2019 Jan 10. Erratum in: Lancet. 2019 Feb 2;393(10170):406. PMID: 30638909.
 
50.
Llewellyn SR, Britton GJ, Contijoch EJ, Vennaro OH, Mortha A, Colombel JF, Grinspan A, Clemente JC, Merad M, Faith JJ. Interactions Between Diet and the Intestinal Microbiota Alter Intestinal Permeability and Colitis Severity in Mice. Gastroenterol. 2018 Mar;154(4):1037–1046.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.11.030. Epub 2017 Nov 23. PMID: 29174952; PMCID: PMC5847454.
 
51.
Wargovich MJ, Lynch PM, Levin B. Modulating effects of calcium in animal models of colon carcinogenesis and short-term studies in subjects at increased risk for colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Jul;54(1 Suppl):202S–205S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.1.202S. PMID: 2053562.
 
52.
Van der Meer R, Lapré JA, Govers MJ, Kleibeuker JH. Mechanisms of the intestinal effects of dietary fats and milk products on colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 1997 Mar 19;114(1–2):75–83. doi:10.1016/s0304-3835(97)04629-6. PMID: 9103258.
 
53.
Wargovich MJ, Baer AR. Basic and clinical investigations of dietary calcium in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Prev Med. 1989 Sep;18(5):672–9. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(89)90038-8. PMID: 2694161.
 
54.
Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Colditz GA, Folsom AR, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Miller AB, Pietinen P, Potter JD, Rohan TE, Terry P, Toniolo P, Virtanen MJ, Willett WC, Wolk A, Wu K, Yaun SS, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Hunter DJ. Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Jul 7;96(13):1015–22. doi:10.1093/jnci/djh185. Erratum in: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Nov 17;96(22):1724. PMID: 15240785.
 
55.
Aune D, Lau R, Chan DSM, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E, Norat T. Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Ann Oncol. 2012 Jan;23(1):37–45. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdr269. Epub 2011 May 26. PMID: 21617020.
 
56.
Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, van Stolk RU, Haile RW, Sandler RS, Rothstein R, Summers RW, Snover DC, Beck GJ, Bond JH, Greenberg ER. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):101–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199901143400204. PMID: 9887161.
 
57.
Carroll C, Cooper K, Papaioannou D, Hind D, Pilgrim H, Tappenden P. Supplemental calcium in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2010 May;32(5):789–803. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.04.024. PMID: 20685491.
 
58.
Barrubés L, Babio N, Becerra-Tomás N, Rosique-Esteban N, Salas-Salvadó J. Association Between Dairy Product Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies. Adv Nutr. 2019 May 1;10(suppl_2):S190–S211. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy114. Erratum in: Adv Nutr. 2020 Jul 1;11(4):1055–1057. PMID: 31089733; PMCID: PMC6518136.
 
59.
Liu X, Yang W, Wu K, Ogino S, Wang W, He N, Chan AT, Zhang ZF, Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci E, Zhang X. Postdiagnostic dairy products intake and colorectal cancer survival in US males and females. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Jun 1;113(6):1636–1646. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab059. PMID: 33871578; PMCID: PMC8244033.
 
60.
Vitaglione P, Mennella I, Ferracane R, Rivellese AA, Giacco R, Ercolini D, Gibbons SM, La Storia A, Gilbert JA, Jonnalagadda S, Thielecke F, Gallo MA, Scalfi L, Fogliano V. Whole-grain wheat consumption reduces inflammation in a randomized controlled trial on overweight and obese subjects with unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors: role of polyphenols bound to cereal dietary fiber. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Feb;101(2):251–61. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.088120. Epub 2014 Dec 3. PMID: 25646321.
 
61.
Song M, Chan AT, Sun J. Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterol. 2020 Jan;158(2):322–340. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.06.048. Epub 2019 Oct 3. PMID: 31586566; PMCID: PMC6957737.
 
eISSN:2084-6312
ISSN:1505-7054
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top